Malabsorption of Drugs in Gastrointestinal Diseases

After oral administration of any drug, the plasma concentration time curve is a function of many simultaneously operating kinetic processes. The steady state plasma concentration is achieved when the amount of drug absorbed equals the amount of drug eliminated. Both amount and rate of drug absorbed may be altered by diseases which in turn alter other kinetic processes. The amount of drug absorbed is simultaneously affected by physicochemical factors of drug and physiological factors that operate in gut which are also altered by the disease state. The present review focuses on the way in which the absorption of drugs is altered in various conditions of gastro intestinal tract.

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A Review on Transbuccal Drug Delivery System and its Commercially Available Products

Buccal route is one of the promising area where continuous research is going on in order to increase the bioavailability of most of the drugs effected by first pass metabolism and also to increase possibility of oral delivery of protein and peptide drugs with high patient compliance. In order to achieve the required target of bioavailability, drugs are formulated in different buccal dosage forms. The objective of this article is to enlighten the commercial products of various buccal dosage forms and their evaluation.

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Impact of Capsules as a Carrier for Multiple Unit Drug Delivery and the Importance of HPMC Capsules

Multiple unit dosage forms are mainly oral dosage forms consisting of a multiplicity of small discrete units, each exhibiting some desired characteristics. It is even possible to include a number of dosage forms - such as tablets, pellets, capsules, powders and granules - within a single formulation. In this way, incompatibilities and interaction between the different drug substances in combination products can be prevented. Hard gelatin capsules are particularly suitable for their development and manufacture. Hard gelatin capsules do have some drawbacks. To overcome these problems, pharmaceutical scientists have developed capsules made of starch, cellulose derivatives and polyvinyl alcohol copolymer. To date, HPMC capsules have been successfully utilized for pharmaceutical products.

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Divers Pharmacological Significance of Imidazole Derivatives

The imidazole ring is a constituent of several important natural products including purine, histamine, histidine and nucleic acid. Imidazole drugs have broadened scope in remedying various dispositions in clinical medicines. Since its introduction into medicine, there have been more than 1000 compounds made in an effort to find others with more potent actions combined with less toxicity. Keeping in view the increasing importance of these derivatives, a need for the review is felt. The present article aims to review the research works which are carried out in terms of the development of imidazole derivatives of pharmacological relevance and the diverse pharmacological aspects of imidazole derivatives for anti-inflammatory, anti microbial, anti cancer, antidepressant, anticonvulsant and antihypertensive activities.

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Pharmacy in Light of Information and Technology

Use of Information&Technology in Pharmacy field is known as health informatics. Health informatics is a discipline at the intersection of information science, computer science, and health care. It deals with the resources, devices, and methods required optimizing the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health and biomedicine. Health informatics tools include not only computers but also clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and information and communication systems. It is applied to the areas of nursing, clinical care, dentistry, pharmacy, public health, occupational therapy, and (bio) medical research. The review mainly focus on Health informatics, Medical writing, Medical transcription, Medical coding, Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO).

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Estimation of Rutin in Tephrosia purpurea by HPTLC Method

The powdered aerial part of Tephrosia purpuria was extracted with 95% ethanol by hot continuous extraction method. The prepared extracts were subjected to HPTLC analysis. The marker compounds were estimated by using pre-coated HPTLC aluminium silica gel 60 F254 plates (MERCK) and compared with standard. The methanolic solution of standard rutin 5 μl (1 mg/ml) and Tephrosia purpuria extract 8 μl (10 mg/ml) were applied as 7mm band width using CAMAG Linomat IV applicator. The Mobile phase is ethyl acetate: formic acid: glacial acetic acid: water (100:11:11:26). The detection was carried out at 366 nm. The amount of rutin was estimated by the comparing the peak area of standard and the same was present in the extracts. The content of rutin in Tephrosia purpurea extracts was found to be 1.40% w/w. This estimation technique is very much useful for the estimation of quercetin and rutin present in the various medicinal plants.

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Hepatoprotective Activity of Borreria hispida on Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage

Hepatotoxicity implies chemical-driven liver damage. The liver plays a major role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents. Certain medicinal agents, when taken in overdoses and sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic ranges, may injure the organ. Other chemical agents, those used in laboratories and industries, natural chemicals and herbal remedies can also cause hepatotoxicity. Borreria hispida seed flavonoid-rich fraction possesses free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo Borreria hispida Linn has been in use in the Indian system of medicine. Various part of the plant are useful in the treatment of antifertility, appetite, Bleeding in child birth, body ache, Gum trouble, scabies and skin disease, Stomach compliance, Ulcers, hepatitis, Wounds, head ache and tooth ache. The hepatotoxicity is induced by the paracetamol overdose, and the methanolic extract of Borreria hispida shows a good reduction of hepatotoxicity.

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Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies on Anacardium occidentale Linn. Leaves

Plants have been the basis of many traditional medicines throughout the world for thousands of years and continue to provide new remedies to mankind. Anacardium occidentale belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. The leaves possess antidiabetic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory activities. Present work aims to highlight the pharmacognostical and phytochemical, standards of leaves of A. occidentale. The ethanolic extract was prepared by soxhlet apparatus . The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, extractive values, loss of drying, fluorescence characters and phytochemical studies were performed. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, and water soluble ash value were found 4.85%,0.97% and 4.9% respectively The screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, carbohydrates, steroids and absence of saponins in the ethanolic extract of A occidentale.

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Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumerate in Tablet Dosage Form

Determination of the different validation parameters such as precision, linearity, accuracy, specificity, robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantification and filter validation was done. The system suitability parameters such as retention time, theoretical plates and tailing factor were found to be 3.181min, 13438, 0.14 and 6.090min, 48847, 1.05 respectively for EMT and TDF. The detector response is linear from 16 μg/mL to 64 μg/mL for EMT and 24 μg/mL to 96 μg/mL TDF. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 0.101, 0.189 μg/mLand 0.306, 0.575 μg/mL for EMT and TDF respectively. The percentage recovery for average of three different concentrations (50, 100 and 150%) was 101.1, 100.6, 99.8 and 99.7, 99.4, 99.6% for EMT and TDF respectively.The high percentage of recovery and low % RSD confirms the suitability of the method for the simultaneous estimation of EMT and TDF in tablet dosage form.The method could effectively separate the drugs from their degradation products, it can be regarded as stability indicating method.

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Formulation and Evaluation of Multiparticulate Drug Delivery System of Valsartan

The pellets were evaluated for physical properties namely, surface appearance, size analysis, content uniformity, micromeritic properties, friability, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, Feret diameter, aspect ratio, stability study and in vitro release studies. Based on in vitro release studies and SEM analysis, pellets containing 2.5% PVP K-30 were found to be optimized for coating. The drug was compatible when mixed with excipients, which was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Pellets showed good micromeritic properties. Further, in vitro release study of coated pellets revealed optimum lag-time (6±0.25 h) before drug release and Eudragit® S100 with 25% weight gain was optimized. There was no significant change in the drug content and release profile of the pellets stored under accelerated conditions. Thus the multiparticulate delivery system of valsartan found to be suitable as potential chronomodulated drug delivery system to treat early morning surge in hypertensive patients.

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Diabetic Foot Infection

It may lead to gangrene and amputation of the lower extremities. Peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial diseases in addition to immunosuppressant contribute to the development of diabetic foot infection. Diabetic foot ulcers are classified according to the size of the ulcer in addition to its depth, site and appearance. Gram-positive cocci especially Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant bacterial pathogen that infect diabetic foot ulcer.

However, Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes are involved in chronic infections. The emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria and the formation of biofilms in diabetic foot ulcers complicate their treatment. Treatment of diabetic foot ulcer depends on medical and surgical intervention. Surgical removal of necrotic and unhealthy tissues, pressure offloading, revascularization and selection of proper wound dressing are important tools in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. For choice of the proper antibiotic therapy, some factors must be taken into consideration such as the wound culture results, the severity of infection and the predominant bacteria.

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Development of Aceclofenac Nanosuspension Stabilized by Poly vinyl alcohol and Sodium dodecyl sulphate

Nanosuspensions were prepared by precipitation-ultrasonication method. PVA along with an anionic surfactant delivered a nanosuspension with narrow polydispersity index successfully. Polymer to drug ratio and concentration of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) significantly influenced the particle size of nanosuspension. SDS showed a synergistic effect with PVA and dramatically affected the physical characteristics of formulations. Nanosuspensions were evaluated for saturation solubility, in vitro drug dissolution behavior, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, crystallinity (DSC) and surface morphology (FESEM).All formulations were found with higher saturation solubility compared to raw drug.

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Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Floating Beads of Cefuroxime Axetil

The floating beads were prepared by Ionotropic gelation method in which drug and calcium carbonate were dispersed in four different concentrations into a polymer mixture of three different combinations such as sodium alginate along with guar gum, sodium alginate with HPMC K4M, and sodium alginate with hydroxy ethyl cellulose solution and then dropping the dispersion into an acidified solution of 3% (w/v) calcium chloride. The prepared beads were evaluated for bead size, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release, swelling study, buoyancy test, SEM, X-ray diffraction, FTIR and in vivo gastric retention time in albino rats. The drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 54.76 to 81.87 %. The in-vitro drug release was observed up to 8 hr. The drug release followed Fickian transport. In vivo studies indicated that a significant increase in gastric residence time of beads.

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An Overview of Classification, Production and Biomedical Applications of Biosurfactants

Surfactants of microbial origin referred as biosurfactants, have potential uses in several industries like petrochemical, cosmetics, soap/detergent, pharmaceutical, food, beverage, textile, mining processes, applications in crude oil recovery and bioremediation of contaminated sites. Biosurfactants have several advantages over the chemical surfactant, such as higher biodegradability, lower toxicity, better environmental compatibility, high foaming, high selectivity and specific activity at extreme temperature, pH, salinity and ability to synthesize from renewable feed stock. This review highlights the classification, production and various biomedical applications of biosurfactants.

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Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of SU2162, a novel anticancer drug, after intravenous administration in rats

Cancer is a threat to human health and its incidence is increasing worldwide. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), in 2008, 12.66 million new cancer cases were documented and by 2030, new cancer cases are estimated to increase by 75%. Not only does cancer causes illness, multiple organ failure and death, it also contributes to social economic losses, and cancer is reported to cause the greatest economic loss than any other disease ($895.2 billion per year), followed by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, HIV/AIDS, lower respiratory infections (including pneumonia), hepatocirrhosis, and malaria.

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Long-term stable hydrogels for biorelevant dissolution testing of drug-eluting stents

Hydrogels composed of alginate, agar, agarose, polyacrylamide (PAA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were prepared using physical and chemical cross-linking methods. To characterize the mechanical stability of the test specimens stress-strain curves were recorded by texture analysis before and after perfusion in the vFTC for 28 days and Young's moduli were calculated. The surface morphology of the test specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Water uptake upon incubation was determined.

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Evaluation of the combined antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract of phyllantus muellerianus with ciprofloxacin

Infectious diseases caused by multi-resistant microbial strains are on the increase. Fighting these diseases with natural products may be more efficacious. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanol leaf extract and chromatographic fractions of the extract of Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Excell against Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas earuginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Candida albicans. The combined effect of the extract or its fractions with ciprofloxacin was also tested.

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Desensitization as a tool for beta-lactam antibiotic use in methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infections

Self-reporting of antimicrobial allergies among hospitalized patients is quite common, with up to 25% of patients reporting at least one antimicrobial allergy. While it is important that patients report all suspected allergies, clinician documentation detailing the nature and severity of the reaction is often lacking. Of those patients reporting an allergy, only 4% of documented allergies had a specific type of reaction provided in the medical chart.

It is estimated that about 15.6% of patients report having a beta-lactam allergy, however, estimates are much lower for patients that actually exhibit a severe allergic reaction preventing their use. Skin testing, in vivo radioallergosorben testing (RAST), and provocation tests can be done to diagnose a true drug hypersensitivity.In a study evaluating patients with a history of cephalosporin allergy, only 40.1% ofallergies were confirmed by these methods. Although oral provocation testing is considered the gold standard in diagnosis, it is infrequently used due to the need for close observation and risk of severe uncontrollable reactions. In children with a history of a penicillin or cephalosporin allergy, only 58.3% of allergies were confirmed with positive skin or challenge testing.

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Antiatherosclerotic potential of aliskiren: its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in rabbits: a randomized controlled trial

Twenty-one local domestic rabbits were divided into three groups each group had special dietary regimen for 8 weeks: Group I (normal control), Group II (atherogenic control) and Group III (2% Cholesterol + aliskiren 40mg/kg/day orally). Blood samples were collected at the end of experiment (8 weeks) for measurement of serum lipid profile, plasma high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma reduced glutathione (GSH). Immunohistochemical analysis including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); tumor necrotic factor - α (TNF-α); and interleukin – 17 (IL-17). Histopathologic assessment of aortic atherosclerotic changes were also performed.

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Effects of ultra-micro powder wuji wan on gut microbes and enzyme activities

To explore the effect of Chinese medicine ultra-micro powder Wuji Wan on gut microorganisms and enzyme activities, microbial culturing methods and enzymological methods were used to determine the amount of microbes and enzyme activities in gastrointestinal tract. Antibacterial activity of ultra-micro powder Wuji Wan were determined in vitro. Mice were randomly divided into 6 groups.The drugs were orally administered. The results showed that the amount of Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and the activity of amylase and cellulase in gastrointestinal tract were not significantly affected by ultra-micro powder Wuji Wan (P>0.05). But the growth of bacteria, colibacillus and fungi, and the activity of the protease and xylanase in gastrointestinal tract were inhibited by the ultra-micro powder Wuji Wan (P<0.05). Ultra-micro Wuji Wan can significantly inhibit the growth of common opportunistic pathogens in gastrointestinal tract in vitro. The effects of ultra-micro powder Wuji Wan on microorganisms and enzyme activities in stomach were stronger than in intestine. The 25% of ultra-micro powder dose can produce the greatest effect in the stomach without injection. Ultra-micro technology can conserve Chinese herbal medicine.

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Synergy of a novel antibiotic adjuvant entity against multi drug resistant Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and heterogeneous glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus

The in vitro interaction between vancomycin with l-arginine and ceftriaxone was carried out on the chosen strains using agar dilution checkerboard method and results were presented as fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index. Susceptibility studies were carried out according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute methods.

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Anticonvulsant potential of commonly practiced formulations of Brahmi

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri Linn) is an important herb in Ayurved, reported to have a wide range of medicinal properties. In clinical practice it is usually prescribed in its various dosage forms. The most common of those are Brahmi Ghrita (BG) and Saraswatarishta (SW). Use of Brahmi as anti-convulsion drug is well documented in scientific literature however; no data is available on the effect of its commonly practiced dosage forms. Hence, the study was carried out to evaluate anti-convulsion potential of BG and SW.

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Invertase and its applications

Enzymes are complex globular proteins found in living cells, acting as a bio-catalyst facilitating metabolic reactions in an organism's body. In 1878 Kuhne coined the term ‘enzyme’ from the Greek word, “enzumas”, which refers to the leavening of bread by yeast. Enzymes catalytic nature is responsible for the functioning. It participates in a reaction without being consumed in the reaction, attaining a high rate of product formation by lowering down the Gibb's free energy (ΔG°) required for the reaction to occur.1 Because of their specific nature enzymes can differentiate between chemicals with similar structures and can catalyze reactions over a wide range of temperatures (0–110 °C) and in the pH range 2–14. In industrial application, such qualities with an enzyme being non-toxic and biodegradable can result in high quality and quantity products, fewer by-products and simpler purification procedures. Also enzymes can be obtained from different microorganisms and that too in large amount without using any chemical resistant approaches.

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High-performance thin-layer chromatographic analysis of antioxidants present in different parts of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde

The term ‘antioxidant’ means ‘against oxidation’ and may be defined as any substance that retards or prevents deterioration, damage or destruction of living cells/tissues by oxidation. The 1,1,diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical is widely used as the model system to investigate the scavenging activities in plant extracts. DPPH radical is scavenged by antioxidants through the donation of proton resulting in reduced DPPH-H. The proton radical scavenging action is known to be one of the various mechanisms for measuring antioxidant activity.

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Phytochemicals and antioxidants in leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba with reference to location, seasonal variation and solvent system

Medicinal plants are known potential source of many phenolic compounds and antioxidants. Among these, polyphenols in particular, have been recognized for antioxidant activity and many other health benefits.1 Phenolic and flavonoids, as natural antioxidants and free radical scavengers, have involved substantial interest due to their importance in food and pharmacological industry.2 Factors, such as geographic location, age of the plant, season, associated microflora, nutritional status, and environmental stress are known to influence the secondary metabolite profile of a particular plant species. Seasonal variation in trees, for example from dormant to active phase, brings progressive changes in traits like production of phytochemicals.3 Besides, optimization of methods with respect to solvent system is important for determination or extraction of the phytochemicals from any plant species.

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Comparative physicochemical, phytochemical and HPTLC studies on root species used as Patala in Ayurvedic system of medicine

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) describes roots9 and stem bark of S. chelonoides as an authentic candidate for Patala. 10 Literature emerged from classic texts recommends S. tetragonum and R. xylocarpa belonging to the same family, Bignoniaceae can also be used as Patala 11 ( Fig. 1). As the synonyms mentioned to describe Patala in Ayurvedic text is not enough to differentiate the species, these controversies had led to drug adulteration which ultimately affects the public health. In order to overcome these confusions an attempt has been made to facilitate the rapid and secure method to distinguish the species recommended as Patala, by using pharmacognostic standards.

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Evaluation of antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of successive extracts of Pimpinella tirupatiensis

1.       Pimpenella tirupatiensis (Apiaceae) is distributed in the forest of Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh commonly known as adavi kothimeera (Forest Coriander). It is used for the treatment of External inflammation, Diuretic, treatment of bladder distress, Asthma, Aphrodisiac, Skin diseases, Ulcers, Blood disorders, Toothache and Hepatoprotective. 1 Free radicals have been implicated to the causation of ailments such as liver cirrhosis, atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes etc. 2 Reactive oxygen species such as super oxide anions (O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH) and nitric oxide (NO) inactivate the enzymes and damage important cellular components causing injury. 3 Antioxidants may offer resistance against the oxidative stress by scavenging the free radicals. Although living system possesses several natural defence mechanisms, such as enzymes and antioxidants nutrients, which arrest the chain reaction of ROS initiation and production. Many plants often contains substantial amounts of antioxidants including vitamins C and E, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins etc. and thus can be utilized to scavenge the excess free radicals from the body.

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Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Sustained Delivery of Penicillin G prepared by ionic gelation technique

In the present scientific era, use of nanoparticles for antibiotic delivery is increasing due to increased prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to formulate and characterize chitosan nanoparticles of penicillin G delivery to improve the bioavailability and prevent drug resistance. Method: In this work we took penicillin as drug of choice to demonstrate the efficacy of

chitosan nanoparticles against bacterial resistance. Ionic gelation technique was used to encapsulate penicillin G in chitosan nanoparticles

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Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Psidium guajava L. leaf extract and antibacterial activity against some pathogenic microorganisms

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was attempted using leaf extract of Psidium guajava L. belonging to

the family Myrtaceae and its synergistic antimicrobial activity with six commercial antibiotics against Gram positive (S. aureus, L. monocytogens,

S. epidermidis) Gram negative (E.coli, S. typhi, E. aerogenes) bacteria was evaluated. The characterization of synthesized AgNPs was done

by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and zeta potential.

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Ultrasound Promoted Facile Synthesis of Nitriles From Aldehydes

important building blocks for synthesis of variety of intermediates and heterocyclic ring systems. In view of their importance as key intermediates in drug synthesis, the current work describes a facile synthesis of nitriles using ultrasound radiation with excellent yields and short reaction time.

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