After
oral administration of any drug, the plasma concentration time curve is a
function of many simultaneously operating kinetic processes. The steady state
plasma concentration is achieved when the amount of drug absorbed equals the
amount of drug eliminated. Both amount and rate of drug absorbed may be altered
by diseases which in turn alter other kinetic processes. The amount of drug
absorbed is simultaneously affected by physicochemical factors of drug and
physiological factors that operate in gut which are also altered by the disease
state. The present review focuses on the way in which the absorption of drugs
is altered in various conditions of gastro intestinal tract.
Website: http://www.arjonline.org/medicine-and-health-care/american-research-journal-of-pharmacy/
Buccal
route is one of the promising area where continuous research is going on in
order to increase the bioavailability of most of the drugs effected by first
pass metabolism and also to increase possibility of oral delivery of protein
and peptide drugs with high patient compliance. In order to achieve the
required target of bioavailability, drugs are formulated in different buccal
dosage forms. The objective of this article is to enlighten the commercial
products of various buccal dosage forms and their evaluation.
Website: http://www.arjonline.org/medicine-and-health-care/american-research-journal-of-pharmacy/
Multiple
unit dosage forms are mainly oral dosage forms consisting of a multiplicity of
small discrete units, each exhibiting some desired characteristics. It is even
possible to include a number of dosage forms - such as tablets, pellets,
capsules, powders and granules - within a single formulation. In this way,
incompatibilities and interaction between the different drug substances in
combination products can be prevented. Hard gelatin capsules are particularly
suitable for their development and manufacture. Hard gelatin capsules do have
some drawbacks. To overcome these problems, pharmaceutical scientists have
developed capsules made of starch, cellulose derivatives and polyvinyl alcohol
copolymer. To date, HPMC capsules have been successfully utilized for
pharmaceutical products.
Website: http://www.arjonline.org/medicine-and-health-care/american-research-journal-of-pharmacy/
The
imidazole ring is a constituent of several important natural products including
purine, histamine, histidine and nucleic acid. Imidazole drugs have broadened
scope in remedying various dispositions in clinical medicines. Since its
introduction into medicine, there have been more than 1000 compounds made in an
effort to find others with more potent actions combined with less toxicity.
Keeping in view the increasing importance of these derivatives, a need for the
review is felt. The present article aims to review the research works which are
carried out in terms of the development of imidazole derivatives of
pharmacological relevance and the diverse pharmacological aspects of imidazole
derivatives for anti-inflammatory, anti microbial, anti cancer, antidepressant,
anticonvulsant and antihypertensive activities.
Website: http://www.arjonline.org/medicine-and-health-care/american-research-journal-of-pharmacy/
Use
of Information&Technology in Pharmacy field is known as health informatics.
Health informatics is a discipline at the intersection of information science,
computer science, and health care. It deals with the resources, devices, and
methods required optimizing the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of
information in health and biomedicine. Health informatics tools include not
only computers but also clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and information
and communication systems. It is applied to the areas of nursing, clinical
care, dentistry, pharmacy, public health, occupational therapy, and (bio)
medical research. The review mainly focus on Health informatics, Medical
writing, Medical transcription, Medical coding, Knowledge process outsourcing
(KPO).
Website: http://www.arjonline.org/medicine-and-health-care/american-research-journal-of-pharmacy/
The
powdered aerial part of Tephrosia purpuria was extracted with 95% ethanol by
hot continuous extraction method. The prepared extracts were subjected to HPTLC
analysis. The marker compounds were estimated by using pre-coated HPTLC
aluminium silica gel 60 F254 plates (MERCK) and compared with standard. The
methanolic solution of standard rutin 5 μl (1 mg/ml) and Tephrosia purpuria
extract 8 μl (10 mg/ml) were applied as 7mm band width using CAMAG Linomat IV
applicator. The Mobile phase is ethyl acetate: formic acid: glacial acetic
acid: water (100:11:11:26). The detection was carried out at 366 nm. The amount
of rutin was estimated by the comparing the peak area of standard and the same
was present in the extracts. The content of rutin in Tephrosia purpurea
extracts was found to be 1.40% w/w. This estimation technique is very much
useful for the estimation of quercetin and rutin present in the various
medicinal plants.
Website: http://www.arjonline.org/medicine-and-health-care/american-research-journal-of-pharmacy/
Hepatotoxicity
implies chemical-driven liver damage. The liver plays a major role in
transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from
these agents. Certain medicinal agents, when taken in overdoses and sometimes
even when introduced within therapeutic ranges, may injure the organ. Other
chemical agents, those used in laboratories and industries, natural chemicals
and herbal remedies can also cause hepatotoxicity. Borreria hispida seed
flavonoid-rich fraction possesses free radical scavenging and antioxidant
activity both in vitro and in vivo Borreria hispida Linn has been in use in the
Indian system of medicine. Various part of the plant are useful in the
treatment of antifertility, appetite, Bleeding in child birth, body ache, Gum
trouble, scabies and skin disease, Stomach compliance, Ulcers, hepatitis,
Wounds, head ache and tooth ache. The hepatotoxicity is induced by the paracetamol
overdose, and the methanolic extract of Borreria hispida shows a good reduction
of hepatotoxicity.
Website: http://www.arjonline.org/medicine-and-health-care/american-research-journal-of-pharmacy/
